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Trying to understand...

DeeleDeele
in Beginner C/C++
I am analyzing a C++ console based program but I am very newbie to C++ and I want to learn it. Main reason, why I am analyzing this code, becouse I need to remake it by myself but in form of MFC dialog.
Okay, I have couple of questions and I hope, someone will help me...
1) Does this one makes an array? If so, then, all the array values from 1..32 will be empty, if I call set[1] or any other?
[code]int set[32][/code]
2) What will I get, when I will call just: "set", not "set[n]" ?
[code][/code]
3) What will I get, when I will say "set+k" if:
[code]int k=0;[/code]
4) What is doing this loop? I know that "EOF" is EndOfFile that is CTRL+Z, but what this loop does?
[code]while (k<32 && scanf("%d",set+k)!=EOF) k++;[/code]
5) What is doing here:
[code]for (i=0;i<k-1;i++) printf("%d,",set[i]);[/code]
6) What this will "set[k-1]" print out?
[code]if (k) printf("%d",set[k-1]);[/code]



Okay, (not a)full code, if you ask, is here:
[code]int main(void) /*demo*/
{
int set[32],i;
int k=0;

printf("enter the set elements separated by blanks and ctrl-z at the "
"end
");

while (k<32 && scanf("%d",set+k)!=EOF) k++;
printf("your set:
{");
for (i=0;i<k-1;i++) printf("%d,",set[i]);
if (k) printf("%d",set[k-1]);
printf("}
");
printf("its subsets:
");
subsets(set,k);
return 0;
}[/code]
I will have a couple of more questions later on...

Comments

  • bilderbikkelbilderbikkel
    Some quick answers that time permits me:

    : 1) Does this one makes an array? If so, then, all the array values
    : from 1..32 will be empty, if I call set[1] or any other?
    : [code]: int set[32][/code]:
    Yes, that declares an array with 32 uninitialized values, i.e. these values can be anything.

    : 2) What will I get, when I will call just "set", not "set[n]"?
    You get the address of the array. 'set' is also equal to '&set[0]'. '*set' is equal to 'set[0]'.


    : 3) What will I get, when I will say "set+k" if:
    : [code]: int k=0;[/code]:
    The adress 'k' spaces beyond 'set', i.e. '&set[0]+k' (is equal to '&set[k]').

    : 5) What is doing here:
    : [code]: for (i=0;i<k-1;i++) printf("%d,",set[i]);[/code]:
    Prints the array 'set'

    See ya,
    bilderbikkel
  • DeeleDeele
    Cool, I understod almoast everything... Just few more questions in this step:
    7) What is meaning of "%d" and "set+k" at "scanf" function? How can I use this in future?
    [code]scanf("%d",set+k)[/code]
    8) What is meaning of "%d" and "set[i]" at "printf" funtion? How can I use this in future?
    [code]printf("%d,",set[i])
    printf("%d",set[k-1])[/code]
    9) How to make ending of program just like: "Enter any key to exit..." and only after pushing any key, console window closes?
  • bilderbikkelbilderbikkel
    : 8) What is meaning of "%d" and "set[i]" at "printf" funtion? How can
    : I use this in future?
    : [code]: printf("%d,",set[i])
    : printf("%d",set[k-1])[/code]:
    '%d' is the placeholder for a value. '%d' denotes that this value is a signed decimal. This value is 'set[i]'


    bilderbikkel
  • LundinLundin
    : Cool, I understod almoast everything... Just few more questions in
    : this step:
    : 7) What is meaning of "%d" and "set+k" at "scanf" function? How can
    : I use this in future?
    : [code]: scanf("%d",set+k)[/code]

    [color=Blue]If you write only the array name, in this case "set", it will equal a pointer to the first element in the array. set+k is pointer arithmetics, it means "take the addres of the first element + k elements".
    This is the very same as writing &set[k].

    In this case, they wanted to assign the value from scanf() to element set[k].[/color][code][/code]


    : 8) What is meaning of "%d" and "set[i]" at "printf" funtion? How can
    : I use this in future?
    : [code]: printf("%d,",set[i])
    : printf("%d",set[k-1])[/code]

    [color=Blue]It means "print element i of the array set". Heh, and it probably also means that you won't understand my reply to 7), to understand pointer arithmetics, you first need to understand arrays.[/color]


    : 9) How to make ending of program just like: "Enter any key to
    : exit..." and only after pushing any key, console window closes?
    :
    [color=Blue]
    #include

    and then at the end

    system("pause");
    return 0;


    Or as an alternative:

    printf("Press any key to exit");
    getchar();
    return 0;[/color]
  • AsmGuru62AsmGuru62
    : Cool, I understod almoast everything... Just few more questions in
    : this step:
    : 7) What is meaning of "%d" and "set+k" at "scanf" function? How can
    : I use this in future?
    : [code]: scanf("%d",set+k)[/code]:

    [color=Blue]%d in both cases means the formatting specifier. It tells that scanned value from user input (console) will be translated using decimal format, like "1234". set+k mean the address of 'k' element of array 'set'. Note: the address - not the value.[/color]
    [code] [/code]
    : 8) What is meaning of "%d" and "set[i]" at "printf" funtion? How can
    : I use this in future?
    : [code]: printf("%d,",set[i])
    : printf("%d",set[k-1])[/code]:

    [color=Blue]See above for %d - it again tells that value from set[i] must be printed using decimal formatting. set[i] is a value of element indexed by 'i' in array 'set'. Indexes are starting from 0, so the first element of the array is set[0], second - set[1] and so on...[/color]
    [code] [/code]
    : 9) How to make ending of program just like: "Enter any key to
    : exit..." and only after pushing any key, console window closes?
    :
    [color=Green][code]printf ("

    Press any key to exit...");
    getch ();[/code][/color]
  • LundinLundin
    : [color=Green][code]: printf ("

    Press any key to exit...");
    : getch ();[/code]: [/color]


    Noo... don't teach non-standard functions!

    [b]getchar();[/b]

    ;-)
  • DeeleDeele
    10) What is doing this loop?
    [code]while (k<32 && scanf("%d",set+k)!=EOF) k++;[/code]
    It is reading an input 32 times searching for EOF? Or what? Every time input is scanned, it is added to set with each loop, increasing "k" by 1? Or what?

    PS: Continuing work later...
  • cactus1cactus1
    : 10) What is doing this loop?
    : [code]: while (k<32 && scanf("%d",set+k)!=EOF) k++;[/code]:
    : It is reading an input 32 times searching for EOF? Or what? Every
    : time input is scanned, it is added to set with each loop, increasing
    : "k" by 1? Or what?
    :
    : PS: Continuing work later...
    :
    It puts a value into set[k], then increments k to get to the next value when the while loop is run again. The !=EOF is to end the while statement midway if the file ends midway.
  • LundinLundin
    It is also a very typical example of why you should use for() loops whenever possible, since the code is hard to read. Here is an improved version that ensures that k has been intialized and ensures integrity of the data stored in "set":

    [code]for(k=0; k<32; k++)
    {
    int input;

    if(scanf("%d", &input) == EOF)
    break;
    else
    set[k] = input;
    }[/code]

    Note that this example is equally efficient as the original while-loop, both in terms of speed and memory used.
  • DeeleDeele
    11) If understood right, now, If I want to create "your set" in one variable, I should do this:
    [code]
    int set[32],i;
    int k=0;

    m_Set = "{";
    for (i=0; i<k-1; i++)
    {
    m_Set = m_Set + "," + set[i];
    }
    m_Set = m_Set + "}";
    [/code]
    and it will be the same as printed to window:
    [code]
    printf("your set:
    {");
    for (i=0;i<k-1;i++) printf("%d,",set[i]);
    if (k) printf("%d",set[k-1]);
    printf("}
    ");
    [/code]
  • DeeleDeele
    Where does everybody gone? Noone cannot help me? 0_o
  • BitByBit_ThorBitByBit_Thor
    : 11) If understood right, now, If I want to create "your set" in one
    : variable, I should do this:

    Well... almost. I assume m_Set is defined as CString?
    The problem with your code currently is:
    1) The first item will look like: "{,1, ...}", and
    2) The last item won't be printed.

    [code]
    m_Set = "{";
    for (i=0; i 0) m_Set = m_Set + set[k - 1];[/color]
    m_Set = m_Set + "}";
    [/code]
    Best Regards,
    Richard

    The way I see it... Well, it's all pretty blurry
  • DeeleDeele
    : : 11) If understood right, now, If I want to create "your set" in one
    : : variable, I should do this:
    :
    : Well... almost. I assume m_Set is defined as CString?
    : The problem with your code currently is:
    : 1) The first item will look like: "{,1, ...}", and
    : 2) The last item won't be printed.
    :
    : [code]:
    : m_Set = "{";
    : for (i=0; i 0) m_Set = m_Set + set[k - 1];[/color]
    : m_Set = m_Set + "}";
    : [/code]:
    : Best Regards,
    : Richard
    :
    : The way I see it... Well, it's all pretty blurry
    [hr]

    [color=Blue]I got this error (error C2666: '+' : 4 overloads have similar conversions) for line:
    [code]m_Set = m_Set + set[i] + ",";[/code]
    and the same error on line:
    [code]if (k > 0) m_Set = m_Set + set[k - 1];[/code]

    12) What is a main meaning of that "k" (look for program code in earlier posts)? Is it equal to number of set elements?
    Ok, at first, there is declaration that "[color=Orange]k = 0[/color]". Okay. Second, there is loop "[color=Orange]while (k<32 && scanf("%d",set+k)!=EOF) k++;[/color]". If I analyze this loop:
    1> If user is wise, he will enter set correctly that is, for example, set of three chars, seperated with blanks "A B C".
    2> Loop is asking if "k" is less than "32". Yes, it is "0". continuing.
    3> Loop is setting "set+k" equal to user input. That means, loop is setting "set+k = set[0];" and... "set[0] = A B C;"
    4> Loop is asking if that "set[0]" is not equal to "EOF" char. Yes, it is, it is just "A B C". SO, loop continues and adds one to "k" so now "k = 1"
    5> Again, we think that user is not a noob :) and will add correctly "EOF" sign "CTRL+Z" at next line and press enter...
    6> Loop is asking if "k" is less than "32". Yes, it is "1". continuing.
    7> Loop is setting "set+k" equal to user input. That means, loop is setting "set+k = set[1];" and... "set[1] = EOF;"
    8> Loop is asking if that "set[1]" is not equal to "EOF" char. No, it isn't, it is "EOF" char. SO, loop stops and continues to next program line...

    What this K is for? I think, if I remake this program in dialog way, this "k" will be unnessesary, cause, it will be all the time "k = 0". Am I right?
    [/color]

  • BitByBit_ThorBitByBit_Thor
    : I got this error (error C2666: '+' : 4 overloads have
    : similar conversions) for line:
    : [code]: m_Set = m_Set + set[i] + ",";[/code]:
    : and the same error on line:
    : [code]: if (k > 0) m_Set = m_Set + set[k - 1];[/code]:
    :

    The problem is that the CString class can not convert integer into string.
    You'll need to use something like _itoa (integer to ansi) (defined in stdlib), or an equivalent function.

    :
    : What this K is for? I think, if I remake this program in dialog way,
    : this "k" will be unnessesary, cause, it will be all the time "k =
    : 0". Am I right?

    In the current code the k was used for determining how many elements of set were in use. You will need something equivalent in your program.

    Best Regards,
    Richard

    The way I see it... Well, it's all pretty blurry
  • DeeleDeele
    13) How to convert "int" to "CString"? Is there any other conversition commands?
    For example: I have CString called "word" with value "something special" and int called "number" with value "12345". I want to combine "word" with "number" together to get "something special 12345".
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