?l
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
DISCLAIMER:
These programs are provided to the public domain as a ser-
vice to programmers. They may be copied freely and
distributed for educational purposes with the following
restrictions:
1. Commercial resale of these programs, or incorporation of
these programs into other systems for commercial resale, in
source code or in compiled versions of the source code, is
prohibited.
2. Charges for reproduced copies must be limited to cost
(disks, postage and handling).
3. Any modifications to the programs from the originally
distributed version must be clearly indicated, both in the
source code and the documentation. Any such modifications
should retain the genealogy of the program, both in the
source code, sign-on message, and documentation.
4. All documentation and notices supplied with these
programs must be included in any reproduced versions.
5. All warranties connected with these programs are dis-
claimed. In particular, the author assumes no responsibility
that the programs will operate as documented, nor is the
author responsible for direct, indirect, or consequential
damages. Any and all risk associated with using these
programs, in whole or in part, is the user's.
=================================================================
Note: Directions for using this system are included below and in
the a:\samples directory. For information about advanced versions
of this system, or about versions customized to run efficiently
on computers with different architectures, contact the author at
the address given below.
This is a portable Standard Pascal system, with some C ex-
tensions. It implements advanced Pascal capabilities, such as
procedures and functions passed as parameters, and allows
"conformant arrays" to be passed as pointers. Records and arrays
are all automatically packed down to the character level. The C
extensions, such as masking and shifting operations, the `halt'
command, the `system' call, and C-style file inclusion during
translation, are illustrated by examples in the demonstration
programs of the a:\samples directory. This version of the system
is limited to seven open data and textfiles at any point during
program execution. The full version, that permits as many files
as available from your operating system, and comes with portable
ANSI C source code, can be ordered from the address at the end of
this file.
Modern college-level Pascal programming textbooks, such as "Oh!
Pascal", by Cooper and Clancy, give examples of Pascal programs
that will run on this system.
The enclosed Pascal to p-code translator and p-code interpreter
is a companion system to the Pascal to C translator, that can be
ordered from the address at the end of this file.
These portable systems are written entirely in ANSI C. The Pascal
to C translator is based on the p-code interpreter, but generates
optimizable C code that runs almost as fast as programs compiled
directly from C code. The source is written to be compiled easily
under the DOS 3.2 and later operating systems (and other systems
also, with minor changes in the "pascal.h" and "p-code.h" files).
K & R versions of the system can be obtained from the author.
As a demonstration of this, the "primes.exe" program in the
\samples directory of this diskette was compiled from the
"\samples\primes.pas" program after a Pascal to C translation.
=================================================================
DIRECTIONS
The following reserved words and standard names are recognized by
the system and operate in a standard fashion (with exceptions for
pack and unpack):
Standard Names:
false, true, input, output, get, put, reset,
rewrite, read, write, pack, unpack, new, dispose,
readln, writeln, page, mark, release, halt, abs,
sqr, round, trunc, odd, ord, chr, pred,
succ, eof, eoln, system, sin, cos, exp,
sqrt, ln, arctan, integer, real, char, boolean,
text, nil, maxint, sethigh, ordmaxchar
Reserved Words:
if, do, of, to, in, or, and,
not, xor, shl, shr, end, for, var,
div, mod, set, then, else, with, goto,
case, type, file, begin, until, while, array,
const, label, repeat, record, downto, packed, forward,
program, function, procedure
1) Typing `TRANSLATE <Enter>' will bring up the following direc-
tions for use:
Portable ISO Standard Pascal in C, version 3.8, May 31 1990.
All rights reserved.
The calling sequence is
translator source.pas object.pcd [optional directives]
or
translator con object.pcd /c+ [optional directives]
with `source.pas' or `con' (the keyboard) as the Pascal source
code file and `object.pcd' serving as the output `p-code' file.
The source and output file names are optionally followed by one
or more Pascal translator directives from the list below:
/c+ Generate P-Code /l- Turn Off Program Listing
/o+ Send P-Code to Source Listing /t+ Print Translator Symbol Tables
/d+ All Run-Time Checks /y+ Special Error Messages
/z+ Run-Time Zero Division Checks /s+ Run-Time Stack Checks
/r+ Run-Time Set Element/Index/Pointer Range Checks
Note that c- (syntax-checking only) is the default c option.
Here, the usual C command-line convention applies, in which
options are separated by blanks and are preceded by either a `-'
or a `/'.
2) Typing `INTERPRET <Enter>' will bring up the following direc-
tions for use:
Near arrays Pascal P-Code interpreter, version 3.8, May 31 1990.
All rights reserved.
The correct calling sequence is:
interpreter a_program.pcd [path1][pr1] ... [pathn][prn]
with executable p-code stored in the file a_program.pcd and n
[optional] external files pr1 through prn. Files pr1 through prn
may have path prefixes appropriate to your operating system. The
pr1 through prn names are declared in the Pascal "Program"
statement, and any information about the directories in which the
files are located is included on the command line. The standard
Pascal Input and Output files behave exactly like the C stdin and
stdout files.
A more elaborate explanation follows below.
NOTES ON USING THE TRANSLATOR:
FEATURES AND RESTRICTIONS
This is a standard Pascal in C implementation compatible with the
Pascal taught in college textbooks such as Oh! Pascal! by Cooper
and Clancy. The C implementation is portable, which means that it
will compile and operate correctly on any computer with a stan-
dard ANSI C compiler, and will automatically adjust to different
CPU architectures.
This implementation limits sets to 64 members on 16-bit machines,
and string constants to no more than 80 characters apiece. Any
mix of upper and lower case identifiers and reserved words is
legal, but only the first eight characters of identifiers are
significant. European ascii alphabet letters may be used in iden-
tifiers. The predeclared constant "Maxint" has a value of 32767
for 16-bit CPUs like the 8086, which means that any long arith-
metic must be done using REAL numbers. Anticipated future
releases of this system will support long arithmetic.
Additional minor restrictions: procedures and functions may be
passed as parameters, with the restrictions mentioned in standard
Pascal textbooks for this capability; e. g., 'Read', 'Readln',
'Write', and 'Writeln' may not be passed as parameters, but may
occur within procedures/functions passed as parameters. See the
"prfnparm.pas" program in the \samples directory for examples of
functions and procedures passed as parameters and the use of
textfiles.
The `halt' or `halt(integer_value)' command, available on many
Pascal systems as a nonstandard capability, is also implemented
on this system, and behaves like the C `exit' procedure. ('halt'
with no parameter is translated to `exit(0)', and `halt' with a
parameter is the corresponding call on `exit').
The 'Packed' and 'Unpacked' keywords may be used, but they have
no effect; instead, all character and boolean arrays are stored
as packed character arrays. Pack and Unpack are implemented for
standard Pascal data types, but the packing of Boolean arrays as
`bit arrays' is not supported. An example of "do it yourself"
packing and unpacking of bit arrays using the shifting and mask-
ing operators is included in the \samples directory
("truefalse.pas").
See the yesno.pas program in the a:\samples directory for ex-
amples of string assignment and comparison (ISO standard Pascal
version).
A "System(packed_char_array)" function identical in behavior to
the C version of "system(char *)" is implemented. If you use a
Pascal packed char array instead of a string constant as argument
to the "System" function, be sure to intialize your array proper-
ly with a blank string constant of the correct size.
This new version supports standard Pascal data and text files,
both as external Pascal files and as local files that are
automatically deleted at the end of the procedure or function in
which they are declared. The external Pascal file names are
limited to eight letters and must appear in the first line
"program xxxxx(a, b, ...);" statement. (These file namea may also
apear on the command line with Unix or Dos path prefixes.)
Pascal "Reset" is implemented by rewinding the file and then is-
suing a Pascal "GET." A Pascal "Rewrite" deletes the file and
then reopens it.
The standard Pascal "New" and "Dispose" procedures are available
for acquiring individual data nodes and returning them to the
Pascal heap. (The "optimized" use of New, in which only parts of
a record are allocated IS supported, but users are cautioned to
debug their programs first using the simple version of New.) In
addition, "Mark" and "Release" are available for use in returning
entire blocks of data to the heap, rather than individual nodes.
Programs can be written using only "New" and "Dispose", without
mention of "Mark" and "Release". Or, "New" (and optionally,
"Dispose") can be used in combination with "Mark" and "Release".
However, while "New" and "Dispose" are relatively well-behaved
operations, "Mark" and "Release" have to be used carefully as
paired operations that have side-effects. One of these side ef-
fects is that all data nodes acquired by "New" after a "Mark"
operation are automatically disposed of by the call on "Release".
Furthermore, calls on "Mark" and "Release" are only defined if
they are paired so each call on "Mark" is balanced by a cor-
responding call on "Release". (The a:\samples listtest.pas and
newtest.pas programs are examples of their use.)
The enclosed "Near arrays" version of the Pascal p-code
interpreter has approximately 15,000 bytes of Pascal heap area
available for "New" and "Dispose", the "Far arrays" version has
62,400 bytes, and the "Huge arrays" version has 142,400 bytes.
Some small source program examples are included in the "samples"
directory on this diskette. They illustrate the general form of
programs accepted by the translator and the required translator
options directives to precede programs.
=================================================================
TRANSLATOR OPTIONS:
In this Pascal system, translator options can appear either on
the command line, as noted above, or within the program. Pascal
options behave like C pragmas. Program examples in the \samples
file illustrate the use of translator options. In particular,
"pi.pas" shows how to turn the translator listing on and off dur-
ing translation of that program, and "factorial.pas" illustrates
use of the {$i+'file_name'} option for including files within
your programs.
(*$ ... *) or {$ ... }
where the " ... " in the middle is some sequence of the following
options separated by commas:
a+ causes division by zero tests to be inserted before all
all run-time code for real and integer division.
c+ causes p-code to be written to the ".pcd" file. If c+
does not appear, or if c- or c is written, the source
program will be checked for correctness, but not trans-
lated.
d+ causes the translator to put all a+, r+, and s+ checks
into the run-time code. These checks are useful for
program debugging, but can cause programs to run slowly.
They are partly responsible for Pascal's reputation for
slowness. Eliminating these checks via the d- option
improves program execution speed and allows "flexible
dimension" arrays (when no range checking occurs). The d+
option can be turned on and off locally within your
program by following it with a d- option.
i+ causes the file whose quoted name follows to be read by
the translator:
i. e., {$i+'a:\samples\round.p'}
includes the round.p file at that point in the program.
The file source code has to be to be correct for that
point in the program where its insertion occurs. Up to
seven levels of file inclusion from any source file are
allowed by the system. (For examples of how to use the i+
option, refer to the 'a:\samples\factorial.pas' and the
'a:\samples\truefalse.pas' files. The C '#include' pragma
behaves in similar fashion.)
l+ causes the program to be listed to the "stdout" file
(the monitor screen). The listing can be re-directed from
the screen to the line printer using the ">" redi- rection
operator on the command line. l+ is the default option
(the listing will appear if l+ is omitted). To turn off
the listing, use l-. Programs will translate several times
faster with the screen listing disabled.
o+ causes the translator to route its translation of the
source program to the stdout file, causing each execut-
able source statement to be followed by the p-code that it
generates (the ".pcd" file will be empty as a result, but
must still be mentioned on the translator's command line).
Default option is o-.
r+ causes the translator to insert run-time tests for set
element-, loop index-, and pointer-in-range correctness.
Setting r- or d- disables these tests.
s+ causes the run-time system to test for stack overflow
on entry to all procedures and functions. Setting s- or d-
turns off these tests.
t+ causes the translator to write out its internal tables
listing declared constants, procedures, and functions at
the end of the translation pass. Its use is to discover
what the translator believes the program variables and
procedures to be. Default option is t-.
Command line calling sequences for the translator and interpreter
are as described below. (See also the "a:do.bat" file.)
For the translator:
==================================================================
translator your_source_code.pas p_code_output.pcd
or
translator con p_code_output.pcd
==================================================================
Note that the .pcd file extension for the output p-code file in
the example is necessary to interface properly with both the in-
terpreter and the C code generator programs.
With `con' on the command line as illustrated above, programs can
be typed in from the keyboard and translated one line at a time,
but editing is limited to the current line only. Refer to the DOS
manual description of the "copy con output_file" command for in-
formation about how to use the console keyboard for program input
to the translator. In particular, "control-Z" or ^Z is used as
the end of file mark to terminate source programs.
Files external to the program are named in standard Pascal style
on the "Program xxxxx(Input, Output, File1, File2);" line of your
Pascal program. These external files are names of up to eight
letters each (the same as Pascal identifiers), and they match
file names (preceded by optional operating system pathnames) that
ap- pear on the command line of your program. Thus, for example,
Program Fileptrs(Input, Output, Prr);
....
....
END.
can be called by a command line sequence of the form:
interpreter fileptrs.pcd c:\xxx\prr
or
interpreter fileptrs.pcd a:\yyy\zzzz.prr
or even
interpreter fileptrs.pcd prr
depending on the file path designation that you, the user, find
convenient to use.
Translator listings are sent to the screen, unless DOS I/O
redirection is used:
=================================================================
translator source.pas object.pcd > lpt1 (* parallel printer *)
or
translator source.pas object.pcd > com1 (* serial printer *)
or
translator source.pas object.pcd > a:listing.asc
=================================================================
NOTES ON USING THE Interpreter:
Interpreter command line with optional files in brackets:
=================================================================
interpreter p_code_input.pcd [path1][file1] [path2][file2]
=================================================================
The interpreter also has available the standard Pascal Input and
Output files, known in the C language as stdin and stdout. So
programs translated for the interpreter can access Input (stdin),
Output (stdout), and as many external and internal Pascal files
as your system will allow. See the a:\samples directory for
examples of how to use files.
Note that the interpreter has some limitations, most important of
which is that sets can have up to 64 members. This is a complete
Standard Pascal otherwise. It is intended as a teaching system,
with the p-code interpreter to be used by students in compiler
courses. Thus, the p-code output from the translator is in ascii
format, so that it can be inspected and compared with the source
code and used in conjunction with the source code to p-code
cross-reference generated in the translator listings.
=================================================================
SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
The reference for a previous version of the Pacal translator and
its p-code interpreter, including comments for the Pascal source
code, is in the book:
Pemberton, S. Pascal Implementation. Ellis-Horwood Publishers,
Ltd., England, 1981.
The authors of the Pascal version of the portable Pascal
translator are U. Ammann, K. Nori, and C. Jacobi. K. Jensen, N.
Wirth, and C. Jacobi wrote the Pascal version of the p-code in-
terpreter.
The ANSI C version of these systems implements an advanced p-code
that is not compatible with the p-code of the Pascal system and
provides numerous capabilities, e. g., procedures and functions
passed as parameters, conformant arrays, full data files, not
included in the Pascal version.
Translator error messages use the error number format that
appears in the Pascal User Manual listed below and in several
Pascal and C compilers as well:
Jensen, K. and Wirth, N. Pascal User Manual and Report.
Springer Publishing Co., 1974.
=================================================================
As of June, 1990, the price of the DOS version of the full Pascal
to P-Code Translator/Interpreter with C source code was $50 post-
paid, and the Pascal to C translator with C source code was also
$50 postpaid. (Specify 3-1/2" or 5-1/4" diskettes; if no size is
specified, 5-1/4" diskettes will be sent. Payment is by check or
money order. Orders from outside the U. S. please add $10 per
order for shipping.)
Address for orders and inquiries:
Victor Schneider
Suite 3QD
291 Summit Avenue
Brighton, MA 02146
USA
